DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/jbes.2025.19964

Environmental impact of refuse-derived fuel: A Qualitative review of public health risks, energy efficiency, and emission oversight in Indonesia

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure Planning, Universitas Pertamina, Jalan Sinabung II, Terusan Simprug, Jakarta 12220, Indonesia, Indonesia

Received: 27 Mar 2025; Revised: 12 Aug 2025; Accepted: 19 Aug 2025; Available online: 19 Aug 2025; Published: 8 Dec 2025.
Editor(s): H. Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Abstract
Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) has been increasingly promoted in Indonesia as an alternative waste-to-energy solution, particularly for industrial applications such as cement production. This study presents a qualitative narrative review that explores the multidimensional environmental impacts of RDF implementation, with a specific focus on the Indonesian context. Four key themes were examined: air pollution, public health risks, low energy efficiency, and the lack of emission monitoring and environmental oversight. Findings indicate that RDF combustion contributes to hazardous emissions, including dioxins, heavy metals, and fine particulates, especially where waste segregation is inadequate. Public health issues such as respiratory infections and long-term toxic exposure are exacerbated by weak regulatory systems and the absence of Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS). Additionally, Indonesia’s high organic waste content undermines RDF’s energy efficiency and sustainability. The review concludes that RDF, in its current form, poses significant environmental and governance challenges and must be reevaluated through the lens of public health protection, regulatory reform, and circular economy principles.
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Keywords: Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF); Environmental Impact; Waste-to-Energy; Public Health; Air Pollu-tion; Emission Monitoring

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Section: Review Articles
Language : EN
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