DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/jbes.2026.20007

Environmental–Energy Nexus in Tropical Commercial Buildings

1Master Program of Energy, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Indonesia, 50241, Indonesia

2Master Program of Energy, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Indonesia, 50241 , Indonesia

3Department of Chemsitry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Indonesia, 50275, Indonesia

4 Department of Electrical Engeneering, Faculty of Engeneering Diponegoro University, Indonesia, 50275, Indonesia

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Received: 22 Jan 2026; Published: 5 Mar 2026.
Editor(s): H. Hadiyanto
Open Access Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Abstract
Tropical commercial buildings are characterized by cooling-dominated energy consumption due to persistently high temperatures, elevated humidity, and increasing urbanization. These conditions intensify reliance on air-conditioning systems, contributing to high energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and degraded indoor environmental quality. This paper reviews the environmental–energy nexus in tropical commercial buildings, focusing on the interactions between climatic conditions, building design, occupant behavior, and energy systems. Key themes include thermal environment challenges, HVAC performance, ventilation and humidity control, adaptive thermal comfort models, and urban heat island mitigation strategies. The study also examines the role of renewable and low-carbon energy technologies, such as solar photovoltaic systems, solar-assisted cooling, hybrid renewable energy systems, and thermal energy storage, in reducing cooling energy demand. Regional case studies from tropical Southeast Asia highlight how policy frameworks, technological maturity, and market conditions influence energy performance outcomes. The findings demonstrate that improving energy efficiency in tropical commercial buildings requires a holistic, climate-responsive approach that integrates passive design, advanced control technologies, and renewable energy deployment within an environmental–energy nexus framework to support sustainable development and long-term decarbonization goals.
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Keywords: Environmental–energy nexus; Tropical commercial buildings; Cooling-dominated energy demand; HVAC efficiency; Thermal comfort; Urban heat island mitigation; Indoor air quality; Renewable energy integration; Adaptive comfort models; Southeast Asia

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Section: Review Articles
Language : EN
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