DOI: https://doi.org/10.61435/jbes.2026.20003

Application of Activated Carbon Derived from Typha domingensis in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

1Biochemistry Unit, Department of Science Technology, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi Nigeria, Nigeria

2Department of Biology-Chemistry, Idris Koko Technical College, Farfaru, Sokoto, Nigeria, Nigeria

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi, Nigeria, Nigeria

Received: 27 Dec 2025; Revised: 2 Jan 2026; Accepted: 4 Jan 2026; Available online: 4 Jan 2026; Published: 1 Aug 2026.
Editor(s): Marcelinus Christwardana
Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

Water pollution due to discharge of industrial wastes into aquatic environment remains a major challenge associated with adverse health effects and environmental destruction worldwide. The activated carbon was produced from the plant biosorbent using potassium hydroxide activator method. The activated carbon produced was characterized by surface characteristics and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique. The levels of heavy metals in the treated and untreated industrial wastewater sample were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopic (AAS) technique. Batch adsorption study was conducted using the American Public Health Association (APHA) method. The mechanism of heavy metals adsorption capacity of the plant-derived activated carbon was evaluated using Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm models. The result showed that the plant-derived activated carbon derived exhibited significant (p < 0.05) value of surface area (570.33 m2/g), pore volume (2.56 g/cm3), pH (6.46), conductivity (64.03 µS/cm), moisture content (20.86 %), and ash content (7.53 %) coupled with low value of porosity (0.82 %), bulk density (0.53 g/cm3), apparent density (0.32 g/cm3), and real density (1.91 g/cm3). The FT-IR spectrum of the activated carbon displayed various band peaks at wavenumber ranged 3350 – 801 cm−1 indicating stretching of C–H, C=O, C–C C−O, and O−H. The untreated wastewater sample demonstrated high significant (p < 0.05) amount of cadmium (0.23 mg/L), cobalt (0.83 mg/L), lead (3.02 mg/L), manganese (1.47 mg/L), nickel (0.62 mg/L), and chromium (0.60 mg/L). The plant-derived activated carbon exhibited high significant (p < 0.05) percentage efficiency for removal of cadmium (95.55 %), cobalt (96.48 %), lead (97.16 %), manganese (99.25 %), nickel (96.09 %), and chromium (96.88 %) from the industrial wastewater sample. The results of this study showed that the regression coefficient (R²) values of cadmium, cobalt, lead, manganese, nickel, and chromium for the Langmuir isotherm are higher than that demonstrated by the metals for the Freundlich isotherm model. The experimental equilibrium data for cadmium, cobalt, lead, manganese, nickel, and chromium were best fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model than the Freundlich isotherm model. The activated carbon derived from the roots of Typha domingensis demonstrated high adsorption capacity for removal of cadmium, cobalt, lead, manganese, nickel, and chromium from the industrial wastewater.

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Keywords: Heavy metals; Industrial wastewater; Phytoremediation; Pollution; Typha domingensis

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