skip to main content

Assessment of water quality and trophic state using a multipara-metric index-based approach for Lake Guineo, Lake Carraizo and Lake Cidra, Puerto Rico

School of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Ana G Mendez, P.O. Box 3030 Gurabo,Gurabo 00778-3030, Puerto Rico

Received: 6 Nov 2023; Revised: 5 Feb 2024; Accepted: 16 Mar 2024; Available online: 1 Apr 2024; Published: 1 Dec 2024.
Editor(s): Marcelinus Christwardana
Open Access Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Citation Format:
Abstract

To ensure a safe drinking water supply, it is necessary to protect water quality. The proposed project aims to understand water quality data analyzed from a temporal and spatial perspective on the following physiochemical parameters: DO, pH, temperature, Secchi disc turbidity, conductivity, nitrate, chlorophyll α & phosphate. The results provide information to evaluate the status of the water quality and its suitability for human consumption. These variables related to the general characteristics of water quality and trophic level were used for calculation of a water quality index (WQI) and trophic state index (TSI) to assess 3 lakes in Puerto Rico: Lake Cidra, Lake Carraizo and Lake Guineo. Presence or absence of macrophytes were monitored during six months in the three reservoirs in Puerto Rico as well as the parameters mentioned above. The objective of this investigation is to discuss the trophic state and water quality in 3 different trophic state reservoirs in Puerto Rico. Results were correlated with the density of the macrophyte species, Eichhornia crassipes. Variations of water in situ multiparametric sampling were recorded for 6 months. Thus, integrating components that define the status of reservoirs using multiparameter measurements from various perspectives; a better diagnosis is expected regarding the water quality assessment. This investigation aims to undertake a comprehensive study of water quality by implementing the WQI and TSI indices, considering physical, chemical, and biological parameters with respect to eutrophication and ecological considerations for three reservoirs in the Puerto Rico, providing information regarding the quality of water and trophic state of the chosen reservoirs. Overall WQI results revealed that the water quality improved after the Hurricane Fiona’s occurrence. Trophic State Index after the hurricane showed slight fluctuations in the reservoirs.

Fulltext View|Download
Keywords: WQI; TSI; Reservoir; Trophic; Macrophyte; Quality

Article Metrics:

  1. Bora, M., & Goswami, D. C. (2017). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): case study of the Kolong River, Assam, India. Applied Water Science, 7, 3125-3135
  2. Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A., & Tozer, R. G. (1970). A water quality index-do we dare. Water and sewage works, 117(10)
  3. Carlson, R. E. (1977). A trophic state index for lakes 1. Limnology and oceanography, 22(2), 361-369
  4. Chaterjee, C., & Raziuddin, M. (2002). Determination of water quality index (WQI) of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 2, 181-189
  5. Daly, C., Helmer, E. H., & Quiñones, M. (2003). Mapping the climate of Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 23(11), 1359-1381
  6. Das Sarkar S, Gogoi P, Sarkar UK, Das Ghosh B, Mishal P, 2019. Trophic State Index to assess aquatic ecosystem health. Indian Farming. 69(03): 63-66
  7. [DNER] Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. 2019. Puerto Rico Quality Standards Regulation
  8. Fassig OL. 1909. Average annual rainfall or Porto Rico. Monthly weather review. 37: 982-986
  9. Frazar, S., Gold, A. J., Addy, K., Moatar, F., Birgand, F., Schroth, A. W., ... & Pradhanang, S. M. (2019). Contrasting behavior of nitrate and phosphate flux from high flow events on small agricultural and urban watersheds. Biogeochemistry, 145, 141-160
  10. García-Avila, F., Loja-Suco, P., Siguenza-Jeton, C., Jiménez-Ordonez, M., Valdiviezo-Gonzales, L., Cabello-Torres, R., & Avi-les-Anazco, A. (2023). Evaluation of the water quality of a high Andean Lake using different quantitative approaches. Ecological Indicators, 154, 110924
  11. Kalavathy, S., Sharma, T. R., & Sureshkumar, P. (2011). Water quality index of river Cauvery in Tiruchirappalli district, Ta-milnadu. Arch Environ Sci, 5, 55-61
  12. Kimmel, B. L., & Groeger, A. W. (1984). Factors controlling primary production in lakes and reservoirs: a perspective. Lake and reservoir management, 1(1), 277-281
  13. Mamun, M., Kim, J. Y., & An, K. G. (2021). Multivariate statistical analysis of water quality and trophic state in an artificial dam reservoir. Water, 13(2), 186
  14. Liu, Z., Wang, X., Jia, S., & Mao, B. (2023). Eutrophication causes analysis under the influencing of anthropogenic activities in China's largest freshwater lake (Poyang Lake): Evidence from hydro geochemistry and reverse simulation methods. Journal of Hydrology, 625, 130020
  15. Marie, M. A. S., El-Deeb, F. A. A., Hasheesh, W. S., Mohamed, R. A., & Sayed, S. S. M. (2015). Impact of seasonal water quality and trophic levels on the distribution of various freshwater snails in four Egyptian governorates. Applied Ecology and Environ-mental Sciences, 3(4), 117-126
  16. Munishi, L. K., Blake, W., Comber, S., Hutchinson, T. H., & Ndakidemi, P. A. (2022). Towards sustainability: Threat of water quality degradation and eutrophication in Usangu agro-ecosystem Tanzania. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 181, 113909
  17. Nixon SW. (1995). Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia 41:199–219
  18. Opiyo, S., Getabu, A. M., Sitoki, L. M., Shitandi, A., & Ogendi, G. M. (2019). Application of the Carlson’s trophic state index for the assessment of trophic status of lake Simbi ecosystem, a deep alkaline-saline lake in Kenya. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(4), 327-333
  19. Rameshkumar, S., Radhakrishnan, K., Aanand, S., & Rajaram, R. (2019). Influence of physicochemical water quality on aquatic macrophyte diversity in seasonal wetlands. Applied Water Science, 9, 1-8
  20. Ramos-Ginés O. 1997. Water balance and quantification of total phosphorus and total nitrogen loads entering and leaving the Lago de Cidra, Central Puerto Rico. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. Retreived from http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4222/report.pdf
  21. Sivaranjani, S., Rakshit, A., & Singh, S. (2015). Water quality assessment with water quality indices. International Journal of Biore-source Science, 2(2), 85-94
  22. Sivaranjani, S., Rakshit, A., & Singh, S. (2015). Water quality assessment with water quality indices. International Journal of Biore-source Science, 2(2), 85-94
  23. Soler-López, LR. (2010). Sedimentation Survey of Lago de Cidra, Puerto Rico, August 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3118, 1 plate. Retreived from https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3118/
  24. Soler-López, LR. (2003). Sedimentation survey of Lago El Guineo, Puerto Rico, October 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Wa-ter-Resources Investigations Report 03-4093, 21 p., 2 pls
  25. Soler-López, Luis R., and N. A. Licha-Soler. 2014. Sedimentation survey of Lago Loíza, Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico, July 2009. No. 3219. US Geological Survey, 2014. Retreived from https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3219/
  26. Sotomayor-Ramírez, D., Martínez, G. A., Pantoja-Agreda, F., & Santos-Flores, C. (2008). Limnological assessment of two reservoirs in Puerto Rico. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen, 30(4), 521-527
  27. Srivastava, A. K., Mishra, D. K., Tripathi, S., & Singh, P. (2007). Determination of water quality index and suitability of ground water in a college in Balrampur, U. P. Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology, 6(2), 315-319
  28. Tarkowska-Kukuryk, M., Pęczuła, W., & Mieczan, T. (2020). Grazing affects periphytic algal biomass in the periphy-ton-macrophyte relationship independently of the substrate type and nutrient status. Journal of Limnology, 79(2)
  29. Tasker, S. J., Foggo, A., & Bilton, D. T. (2022). Quantifying the ecological impacts of alien aquatic macrophytes: A global meta‐analysis of effects on fish, macroinvertebrate and macrophyte assemblages. Freshwater Biology, 67(11), 1847-1860
  30. Tolentino Rosario C. (2022 Sept). La AAA abrirá las compuertas de la represa en Carraízo como medida preventiva ante el paso de Fiona

Last update:

No citation recorded.

Last update:

No citation recorded.